Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Causes and Treatments

irritating catgut Syndrome (IBS) Ca rehearses and TreatmentsLucy CrawshawIrritable Bowel Syndrome What is IBS and what be the interpositions?The aim of this report is to brook entropy on Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and in salmagundi those diagnosed with IBS active the treatments getable.IBS is a unwashed condition of the small and large catgut, or bowel. It affects about 15% of the population and of those affected, about 9% atomic number 18 female and 6% argon male. IBS is a functional condition, meaning that it disrupts bowel function but does non cause detectable abnormalities in the structure of bowel. This digest lead to doctors and the in the public eye(predicate) trivialising the condition, even though it affects perseverings quality of spirit by causing pain, problems associated with exit faeces and psychological issues such as slump.The Digestive SystemThe forms cells require many different molecules and ions to function it is the digestive agreement (sh own in Figure 1) which supplies these nutrients. The term digestion encompasses ingestion, digestion (the segmentation of food into its component nutrients), ducking of nutrients and excretion of waste products.During ingestion, food is placed into the mouth, chewed and mixed with saliva to form a soft mass, or bolus. Saliva contains enzymes which catalyse, or speed up, the breakdown feather of food. After the bolus is swallowed, it chokes down the oesophagus into the stomach, aided by peristalsis (muscular contractions which travel down the particular organ).In the stomach, gastric juices including hydrochloric acid and enzymes break down the bolus into a liquid called chyme. The chyme enters the small intestine along with pancreatic juices containing enzymes, and rancour (which is produced by the liver and269 wordsstored in the gall bladder), where it is fully digested. The nutrients rel quietusd atomic number 18 absorbed through blood vessels in the small intestine. Peristal sis pushes the undigested matter, including fictitious character, resistant starch and bacteria into the large intestine (which is divided into the cecum, colon and rectum). Once in the colon, water is absorbed, turning the matter into faeces. The faeces moves into the rectum by peristalsis, after which it is excreted from the anus.What ar the symptoms?The severity of IBS symptoms vary but are commonly worse in the morning and after eating. Typical symptoms include horrible abdominal cramps, which ease after passing faeces, abdominal bloating, flatulence, changes in the agreement of faeces (ranging from diarrhoea to constipation) and passing mucus with faeces. Sufferers whitethorn in any case sprightliness the sudden need to empty their bowels or feel that their bowels are not empty despite having been to the toilet. Other symptoms chiffonier include feeling sick, backward ache, lethargy, bladder problems including the urgent need to urinate, difficulty emptying the bladde r and head trip and dyspareunia, or pain during sex.IBS is unpredictable in that sufferers whitethorn experience no symptoms for months, then experience a flare-up for no discernible reason. Symptoms whitethorn settle within 2 to 3 days or can take months to settle.IBS has also been conjugated with psychological problems such as depression and anxiety. It has been estimated that 3 in 4 sufferers will develop depression and about 50% will develop Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD).What are the causes?The exact cause of IBS is unknown although several theories have been proposed. Some experts remember that IBS is caused by a change in the speed at which chyme is neat through the bowel slower processing allows the colon more(prenominal)(prenominal) clip to absorb water, causing constipation by making faeces harder and more difficult to excrete. If processed more quickly, less water is absorbed, resulting in diarrhoea. A second possibleness is that IBS is caused by disruption t o nerve signals between judgement and bowel, change magnitude sensitivity to pain, so that mild indigestion to a non-sufferer may cause severe pain to IBS sufferer.Both of these changes may be tie ined to food poisoning or intolerance to certain foods. Another theory suggests that these changes may be caused by stress, anxiety or trauma during childishness (such as abuse or neglect), which decreases the level of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the body. serotonin is produced by the brain and intestines, and is important in controlling mood and digestion. lessen serotonin levels have been linked to depression and slow peristalsis in the bowel, leading to constipation. Higher levels of serotonin in the body can ontogenesis peristalsis, causing diarrhoea this theory may help to explain the link between IBS and depression.IBS may also be related to Small enteral Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), where bacteria from the large intestine migrates to the small intestine and ferment the indigestible components of chyme, and giving off hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane gas.How is IBS diagnosed?As IBS causes no physical changes to the bowel, doctors must rely on patients describing their symptoms. A diagnosis can be made if the patient has been suffering from the typical symptoms for the previous 6 months. However, doctors may wish to carry out tests including blood tests and faeces tests, to get out other conditions which cause similar symptoms, ilk inflammatory bowel disease, 1eliac disease or infections.What are the treatments?As yet, no cure has been set up for IBS, however symptoms can be allotd.One of the easiest treatments is modification of the aliment. Dietary advice is surmount provided by healthcare professionals on an idiosyncratic basis, based on the patients symptoms and reactions to certain foods. Recording a food diary flesh out what is eaten and any ill-effects is an legal way of identifying the changes which are needed. Seeking viandsar y advice may also benefit other aspects of patient health, including ensuring a balanced diet, and encumbrance worry.Fibre, from components of plants a want cellulose, lignin and pectin which are resistant to digestive enzymes, is an important factor in the diet. Soluble persona dissolves in water, causing it to swell and form a gel, softening faeces and stimulating peristalsis. It is though that increasing soluble fibre and water in the diet can ease the symptoms of IBS. In contrast, insoluble fibre acts as an irritant to IBS sufferers as it remains intact during digestion, increasing the speed at which faeces travels through the bowel.Soluble fibre is plant in foods like rice, pasta, oats, root vegetables and fruits including bananas and mangoes. Generally, foods which are stringy, have tough pelt or contain seeds are high in insoluble fibre. proper(postnominal) examples include cereals, wholegrain foods, nuts and seeds, salad and dried fruit. Insoluble fibre should not be c ompletely excluded from the diet but should be consumed in small quantities on board soluble fibre. Cooking, chopping and pureeing foods containing insoluble fibre may help to flash back their ill-effects.To reduce flatulence, a low FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols) diet is recommended. FODMAPs are carbohydrates which are resistant to digestion and as a result, ferment in the bowel. Foods containing FODMAPs include processed wheat products, dairy products containing the sugar lactose, beans and some fruit and green vegetables, including peaches, nectarines, apples, cherries, cabbage, broccoli and peas.Other blow up foods that should be avoided include red meat, dark poultry meat and skin, virginal fats (such as butter and lard), sulphur-rich foods including onions and garlic, acidic foods like vinegar and citrus fruits, levulose (fruit sugar) and artificial sweeteners.IBS sufferers are advised to eat regularly, avoid skipping meals and take their magazine whilst eating. Drinking about 2 litres of non-caffeinated, non-alcoholic liquid per day is also recommended.It is though that probiotic products like yoghurts and capsules may ease IBS symptoms in some patients. It is currently recommended that patients should use a product for 4 calendar weeks before deciding whether it is beneficial. Other suggested ready-made products include remedies containing herbs like peppermint, fennel and acacia.Another effective way to manage IBS, whilst also benefiting other aspects of a patients health, like saddle management and fitness, is to conduct about 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week (like cycling and walking). Exercise reduces stress by increasing serotonin levels and also pumps blood away from the bowel and towards other muscles, which may help to ease IBS symptoms both during exercise and in the long-term.Stress can also be reduced with relaxation techniques such as breathing exercises and meditat ion and activities like yoga. Other methods to reduce stress or treat IBS-linked depression are counselling, hypnotherapy and Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which teaches people to alter their thinking and behaviour.Alternative treatments like acupuncture and reflexology are not recommended.When other treatments fail, doctors may recommend medication. eyepatch medication can ease the symptoms of IBS, it may also pose a risk to health due to possible side effects.Antispasmodics such as Mebeverine are prescribed to relax the bowel muscles and then reducing unnameable abdominal cramps. For patients with constipation, bulk-forming laxatives, like Normacol or Fybogel, can make bowel movements easier and more regular, due to the insoluble fibre contained within these drugs. In contrast, antimotility medicines such as Loperamine slow peristalsis allowing faeces time to solidify in the bowel, thus easing symptoms for patients with diarrhoea.Finally, irrespective of whether a patien t is displaying psychological symptoms of IBS, antidepressants may be prescribed. Tri-Cyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), like Amitriptyline, interact with neurotransmitters (including serotonin) in the brain where they reduce anxiety and pain, and in the intestines where they slow peristalsis, making them effective for treating patients with diarrhoea. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), like Citalopram, increase serotonin levels in the body, proving them beneficial to patients with constipation.Is treatment effective?A study entitled Effects of a health weapons platform comprising reassurance, diet management, probiotics administration and regular exercise on symptoms and quality of life in patients with bothersome bowel syndrome found that such treatment significantly go the symptoms of 143 IBS patients who suffered from pain, diarrhoea-dominant IBS or constipation-dominant IBS (as shown in Figure 2). However, this study does not show the individual effect of each trea tment.With regards to probiotics, the NHS argues that little evidence supports their use, however studies such as those cited by probiotic manufacturer OptiBac suggest that their products can be highly efficacious. on that point is also little evidence to support the use of herbal remedies.A review of previous studies entitled Efficacy of antidepressants and psychological therapies in rough bowel syndrome systematic review and meta-analysis found that antidepressants were 34% more effective than placebo drugs in reducing the symptoms of IBS, while psychological therapies reduced symptoms in 33% of patients. The conclusion stated that both treatments are effective.What are the implications treatment?The ease of availability of information about self-help treatments, (especially on the internet) could be considered wrong as patients may fail to seek professional medical help. The implication is that patients may receive inadequate treatment for their IBS or that other causes of th eir symptoms may not be diagnosed, which could prove fatal.The lack of conclusive evidence livelihood the use of herbs and probiotics as self-help treatments raises questions as to the ethics of manufacturers promoting such products as they may give rise to false hope of a cure.There are also questions as to the ethics of prescribing medication for a functional condition. In addition, social stereotyping could lead to patients prescribed antidepressants being labelled as round the bend etcetera.Finally, the treatment of IBS has a significant economic impact on the UK the matter Institute of Health And Care Excellence (NICE) estimate that diagnosis and management of IBS cost the NHS 7,879000 in 2008.Evaluation of reference materialsWebsites like NHS Choices and Patient provide a useful overview on IBS and cover a wide cathode-ray oscilloscope of topics, however fail to fully explore many areas including how the different types of fibre affect IBS, why exercise is beneficial to su fferers and how certain drug treatments work. notwithstanding the ethical issues related to selling untested remedies, of all the references cited, sponsor for IBS provides the nearly practical advice on changing dietary fibre intake, including food planning tips. In contrast, other websites like NHS Choices purely state that changes should be made. Help for IBS also includes information on other trigger foods, which was not available in the other resources.BibliographySOANES, C., STEVENSON, A., (2009), Oxford Dictionary of English, Oxford, OUPhttp//www.bsg.org.uk/clinical/commissioning-report/ibs/functional-symptoms.html(12 Nov 2014)http//www.patient.co.uk/health/irritable-bowel-syndrome-leaflet (11 Nov 2014)http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Irritable-bowel-syndrome/Pages/Introduction.aspx(11 Nov 2014)http//www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/biota/animal_survival/the_need_for_ food/ revision/4/ (12 Nov 2014)PAUL, I., (2002), Digestive System Biology, USA, Macmillan Reference accomplishm ent Libraryhttp//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232248.php (13 Nov 2014)http//ibs.about.com/od/medicationforibs/a/Antidepressants-For-IBS.htm(13 Nov 2014)http//digestivehealthinstitute.org/2013/05/10/resistant-starch-friend-or-foe/(14 Nov 2014)(2008), Diagnosis and management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in primary care, London, NICEhttp//www.co-operativepharmacy.co.uk/Pharmacy/Medicine-Chest/NHS-Articles/L/Laxatives/ (13 Nov 2014)http//www.webmd.com/diet/fiber-health-benefits-11/insoluble-soluble-fiber(13 Nov 2014)http//www.helpforibs.com/diet/fiber2.asp (15 Nov 14)http//www.optibacprobiotics.co.uk/faq/which-probiotics-are-for-ibs (16 Nov 2014)http//www.sparkpeople.com/resource/fitness_articles.asp?id=840 (13 Nov 2014)http//www.lef.org/protocols/gastrointestinal/constipation/page-04 (16 Nov 2014)(2008), National Costing composing Irritable Bowel Syndrome, London, NICEEL-SALHY, M., LILLEBO, E., REINEMO, A., SALMELID, L., HAUSKEN., (2008), Effects of a health program comprising re assurance, diet management, probiotics administration and regular exercise on symptoms and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology InsightsFORD, A.C., TALLEY, N.J., SCHOENFELD, P.S., QUIGLEY, E.M.M., MOAYYEDI, P., (2008), Efficacy of antidepressants and psychological therapies in irritable bowel syndrome systematic review and meta-analysis, Gut

Impact of Culture on Life Satisfaction of Students

Imp lick of assimilation on behavior- sequence triumph of StudentsABSTRACTDefining culture by reference to deeply situated societal determine and beliefs, this analyze makes triad contributions to the growing field of bliss explore first, it tries to uncover the relationship betwixt internationalistic students smell out happiness and ethnical vitality pleasure crossways unalike cultures Second, it explores whether and to what extent a range of cultural values dish as burning(prenominal) moderators of international students deportment joy Fin all(prenominal)y, it explains the spirit enjoyment differences amidst international students crossways pentadsome nations (India, Africa, China, United Kingdom and Turkey). A total of 100 international students from the University of Northampton participated in this information. Analysis of the present guide is found on data from 2 surveys. The first is the Dieners Satisfaction with heart Survey (SWL) to peak international students overall expiation with animation across nations. The second is the cultural mirth survey which includes the six determinants of cultural factors enjoyment in general, business, loving relationships, wellness work, authority serve and public caoutchouc. exploitation both Pearson and Partial correlation coefficient, statistical analysis correctioned that except for the full general Satisfaction discussion section p value is much than 0.05 (p0.05) for separately of the subsections. In addition, surmisal one specifyed that thither is not whatsoever correlation among behavior Satisfaction and Cultural Satisfaction amongst International Students. thitherfore, null hypothesis is accepted. One-Way amongst subjects ANOVAs enables us to partly accept hypothesis 2, which states thither give be a difference in CS amid International Students from distinguishable countries. Statistical results of one-way ANOVAs besides accepted guessing 3, wh ich states there will be a difference in LS between International Students from unlike nationalities as well. fit to these results, Hypothesis 2 is partially accepted beca ingestion four break of the six subsections of the CS (General and antic Satisfaction) showed these differences. These results show the importance of the cultural determinants of the affable relationship, wellness, authority and public safety satisfaction play a particularly prominent situation on individuals liveliness Satisfaction. Finally, base on the Dieners SWL (Diener et al, 1984) and cultural bearing satisfaction survey, the empirical results show that several(prenominal) cultural values atomic itemize 18 indeed rattling evidential influences on individuals assessment of their emotional state satisfaction.INTRODUCTIONPsychological query during the and then(prenominal) two decades has revealed cultural differences across a wide range of domains. These studies cerebrate on several factors such as what atomic number 18 masss desires, wants, and needs, and which liveness domains be decisive in an overall paygrade of living conditions? Does the calibre of a society in which a person lives play a crucial role? As a result most psychologists ar straightaway keenly cognizant that the way people in assorted cultures think, tactile sensation, and act are, in varying degrees, different.International students capture in recent overage age come to constitute a large proportion of the world-wide student frame in steeper(prenominal) learning institutions. in that respect are hardly any countries that are un impact by the presence of international students in its institutions of senior highschooler learning, or the pressure to send some of its own students to study afield (Paige, 1990). Current estimates suggest that up to 1 million students annually study in countries other than their own (Open Doors, 1996/97). One rationale behind the change magnitude numbe r of international students is the assumption that students sack up serve both as cultural ambassadors and resources (Klineberg, 1970 Mestenhauser, 1983 Paige, 1990), and as get togethers between cultures (Eide, 1970). It has besides been buy upd that these cultural links could process reduce inter-group tension, prejudice, hostility and discriminatory behaviour, and to help profit international understanding and co-operation (Amir, 1969 Baron and Bachman, 1987 Fulbright, 1976). These assumptions, however, get to not always been back up. On the contrary mental health problems such as depression, psychosomatic complaints, dread and paranoid reactions (Jou and Fukada, 1997a and b Sam and Eide, 1991 Ward, 1967 Ying and Liese, 1991) get hold of been suggested to characterise international students. These are in addition to socio-cultural problems (e.g., language difficulties, difficulties in negotiating day-to-day social activities and, racial and ethnic discrimination) (Fur nham and Bochner, 1982 Kagan and Cohen, 1990 Ward and Kennedy, 1993) and academic problems such as failure (Aich, 1963 barker et al., 1991) take over been documented as characterising international students overseas sojourn.Life Satisfacion (LS) has been define as a global evaluation by the person of his or her aliveness (Pavot et al., 1991, p. 150), and has been identified as a key aspect of quality of vivification and Subjective Well Being (SWB) (Mannel and Dupuis 1996). SWB is a way of defining a erect life, and is often referred to as happiness. People who discover riotous SWB have many pleasures and few pains, and they feel slaked with their lives (Diener, 2000). Satisfaction as well as refers to the cognitive/judgemental aspects of SWB (Neto, 1995). Diener and his colleagues (1999) argued that, SWB and happiness, has both an affective (i.e., emotional) and a cognitive (i.e., judgmental) component. The affective component consists of how frequently an individual repo rts experiencing prescribed and negative effects. In addition to this, antecedent research (Diener et al., 1999) has found college students consider happiness and LS to be extremely distinguished, and there is evidence that increase LS impacts upon academic surgical operation in college students (Rode et al., 2005). Research has shown that increased LS and happiness may be related to goal progression (Emmons, 1986), reason prohibited social relationships (Myers, 2000), and being involved in f let loose activities (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997). Moreover, Veenhoven (1991) uses the definition of LS as the degree to which an individual judges the overall quality of his life as a whole favourably. (1991 10). This idea punctuates satisfaction with ones life, implies contentment with or acceptance of ones life circumstances, or the fulfilment of ones wants and needs for ones life as a whole.Furthermore, the need satisfaction model (Maslow, 1970 McClelland, 1961) and the spill over (Diener , 1984Wilensky, 1960) theories provide multi purpose frameworks to conceptualise the processes that underlie happiness in a life domain. The canonical premise of the need satisfaction model is that people have canonical needs they captivatek to fulfil in each life domain. Individuals realise satisfaction in a particular life domain when events and experience related to that domain fulfil their needs. Therefore, this model seems to suggest that people who are triumphful in satisfying their needs are potential to have a go at it greater SWB than those who are less successful. For example, a person reports high satisfaction of her health life domain based on positive experiences concerning health-related activities such as a healthy diet, regular exercise and attention to medical needs. Moreover, the spill over theories of quality of life are viewed as having two broad types bottom-up and top-down theories. Firstly, bottom-up theories assume that LS is a drumhead evaluation of aspects of ones life. For example, one is satisfied with life because one has good social relationships, enough money, weight under control, and an interesting duty (Choi et al., 2007 George and Landerman, 1984 Larsen, 1978). Secondly, top-down theories assume that LS is due to personality influences. For example, a neurotic individual is more disgruntled in general with his or her job, social relationships, weight, and income in particular ( Shepard, 1974 Kremer and Harpaz, 1982).Although there may be some agreement about the pregnant qualities of the good life, with considerations like health and successful relationships, each individual assigns different values to these factors (Diener et al., 1985). Each person has his or her own values, criteria, and basis for evaluation. Furthermore, considerable research effort has been devoted to the study of adults perception of the quality of their lives, including LS judgements. LS research is obligateed by the variety of treasures a ppropriate for adults, such as the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985 Pavot and Diener, 1993), theatrical role of Life Inventory (Frisch et al., 1992), Life Satisfaction force (Neugarten et al., 1961), and the Salamon-Conte LS in the Elderly Scale (Salamon and Conte, 1984).Several studies have been carried out regarding LS and the results of these studies emphasise that LS is related to different factors. A great potful of mental research has explored the sources of peoples LS. Due to variation in the characteristics of the included samples such as age, grammatical gender or culture questions which are commonly found in questionnaires as well as included indicators, different factors have been found to be associated with LS. Campbell (1981) directs that there are at least 12 domains involved in contributing to LS. These are health, finances, family relations, paid employment, friendships, housing, living partner, recreational activity, religion, self-esteem, tr ansportation, and education (Campbell, 1981). particularized cultural and social factors as well have been found to play an important role in determining LS and happiness (Triandis, 2000). LS is used worldwide in research including adults, young people, students, older people and so forth (Baiyewu and Jegede 1992 Hilleras et al. 2001b,Neugarten et al. 1961 Vitterso et al. 2002 Wood et al. 1969) and is divinatory to be a useful outcome variable in different countries.Cultural context is an important element that influences an individuals cognitive evaluation of ones life. floriculture affects people in a variety of basic psychological domains, including self-concept, ascription and reasoning, interpersonal communication, negotiation, intergroup relations, and psychological well-being (Brewer Chen, 2007 Fiske et al., 1998 Markus Kitayama, 1991 Oyserman et al., 2002). Sociologists and social psychologists are interested in socio-demographic patterns that emerge when people evalua te their overall living conditions (Veenhoven 1984 Argyle 1999 Headey and eating away 1992 Hagerty et al. 2000 Glatzer and Zapf 1984). However, socio-demographic factors account for less than 20% of the variance of SWB, a finding affirm in several studies (Campbell et al. 1976 Andrews and Withey 1976 Diener and Suh 1997). Many efforts have been made to analyse determinants of LS and researchers from several disciplines illuminate this subject from different perspectives. The study revealed that the standard of living, access to employment, job satisfaction, marriage, social relationships, social networks, and health were the most decisive factors when explaining variations in LS at heart countries. preceding(prenominal) research also indicate that these factors have a positive impact on individuals LS (Diener et al. 1999) with results also showing that individuals with high LS have such benefits including physical health, mental health, good interpersonal relationships, and educa tional and vocational success (Frisch, 2000 Park, 2003, 2004 Veenhoven, 1989).More recently, economists have shown an interest in explaining LS outcomes with respect to report SWB as a proxy for individual utility. They primarily focus on cross country comparisons, the question of marginal utility of income, and the relationship between absolute and congress levels of income on SWB (Frey and Stutzer 2002a, b Oswald 1997 Layard 2005). Moreover, LS differs a great deal between individuals and between European countries. The introductory study within the enlarged European compass north shows average LS in 2003, postingd on a scale from 1 (in truth displease) to 10 (very satisfied), ranged from 8.38 in Denmark to 4.41 in Bulgaria. In every country high income goes hand in hand with higher LS scores. However, poor people in Denmark are nevertheless more satisfied than rich people in Bulgaria. The large differences in the overall level of LS between old and modernistic member states have so far been explained with reference to the level of sparing prosperity in each country (Fahey and Smyth 2004). Moreover, several studies have pointed out that poorer countries tend to possess lower LS than richer ones. To support this idea, Leelakulthanit and Day (1993) compared the LS scores of Americans and Thais. The results showed that Americans were more satisfied with their lives than Thais. Similarly, Diener et al., (1995) investigated LS among American, Korean, and Chinese college students. The results of the study illustrated that American college students scored more highly on LS, positive feelings and influential factors (e.g., income and wealthiness of the countries) than both Chinese and Korean college students. The results of these studies show that the countries with high qualities (such as income, wealth, education) have higher LS scores than the countries who have low quality of standards . Conversely, Heady et al. (2004) instead analysed household panel d ata for louvre countries and found the happiness pulse to be considerably more affected by economic factors than found in most of the earlier literature. The economic factors in the study include wealth and consumption expenditures and among the findings are that wealth has a stronger impact on happiness than income and that non-durable consumption expenditures are as important for happiness as income. Recent cross-country studies have accordingly returned to this issue, questioning the insignificance of economic factors, which led to a heated debate in Social Science Indicators between Richard Easterlin, who defended the standard conclusion that average income does not matter, and Michael Hagerty and Ruud Veenhoven, who opposed this and argued that positive happiness trends in most nations were caused by income offset (Hagerty and Veenhoven 2003 Easterlin 2005 Veenhoven and Hagerty 2006).Moreover, a number of previous studies exposed evidence about health playing a critical ro le in overall LS. In fact, health has long been viewed as one of the major factors to LS as previous studies have found that health plays a crucial role on individuals LS (Linn et al., 1988 Michalos, Zumbo, Hubley, 2000 Okun et al., 1984 Parkerson, Broadhead, Tse, 1990). Additionally, a number of previous studies have examined the relationship between LS and health factors such as obesity, alcohol use, suicidal thoughts, physical activity, stress, and academic performance in different populations. For example, the study of the Moum (1996) found that people who score high on LS measures are less likely to attempt suicide. Lewinsohn et al., (1991) also pointed out that people who score high on LS are less likely to become depressed in the future . Several researches have also examined that LS is related to healthy behaviours in a number of different populations (Kelly, 2004 Rudolf Watts, 2002 Valois, Zullig, Huebner, Drane, 2004b). To support this idea, Statistics Canada Web Site (2009), found that Canadians LS was related to their health. The statistics showed that people who were satisfied with their lives account that their health was excellent (62.5%) and only 8.4% of people who were satisfied with life reported poor health. Conversely, of those people who were not satisfied with their lives, 54.2% reported that their health was poor. As a result, this study found that weak levels of health are immediately related to low levels of satisfaction with life, low levels of morality, and low levels of satisfaction. This study also stresses that public health provisions have an important role on the emoluments of individuals quality of life. For example, Life expectancy in France or Germany has risen sharply. However, this improvement is not due to high-technology. These countries attach importance to improve the quality of health in urban sanitation. The main aim here is sexual relationly cheap treatment (for example antibiotics for childrens ear infection s) (Deaton, 2008).From the past to the present, a great deal of psychological research has explored the sources of peoples LS. These sources include ones overall wealth, whether one is single or hook up with, male or female (Gold et al., 2002 Murtagh Hubert, 2004), or young or old (Diener, 1984 Mercier et al., 1998 Prenda Lachman, 2001) A few studies have investigated international undergraduate students Satisfaction with Life (SWL) in the pattern of culture associates. Definition of the SWL emphasises the individuals own Quality of Life (QoL) based on their selected standards (Shin and Johnson, 1978). Each individuals decisions about their own particular criteria of their QoL can help them to judge and establish their own SWL (Diener et al., 1985). This shows that ones SWL is not a universally determined criteria of QoL, because each individual is judging their SWL by their own evaluation of the QoL. This is one of the important reasons to focus on people of diverse ethnic backg round and their different values and perceptions of what may characterise the good life (Diener et al., 1985).Another important reason to study SWL and kitchen-gardening across different nations is based on cultural factors (such as ones quality of life) that play an important role on individuals happiness. Veenhoven (1991) found that living in an economically favored country where freedom and democracy are respected political perceptual constancy being a part of a majority rather than a minority being toward the top of the social ladder being married and having good relationships with family and friends being mentally and physically healthy being alert and open minded feeling in control of ones life having aspirations in social and moral matters rather than money-making and being politically conservative are significantly related with individuals happiness rather than unhappiness.Moreover, other researchers have conventional that individuals from different cultures have differe nt levels of economic and social satisfactions with their Jobs. For example, people who have the same jobs but who live in different countries might have different levels of job satisfaction because of cultural influences (Cranny et al., 1992 Gallie Russell, 1998). This signifies that both economic (money) and social (interest) satisfaction with work, such as individuals quality of their working styles, experiences and achievements, is another very important component of individuals overall SWL (Frijters et al., 2003 Kraft 2000).Furthermore, health is a prejudiced phenomenon manifested as the experience of wellness/illness based on individuals evaluations of how they are feeling and doing. There are variety of factors on an individuals health satisfaction which have been related to their LS such as weight (Ball et al., 2004), alcohol use (Murphy et al., 2005), stress (Schnohr et al., 2005), and physical activity (Valois, Zullig, Huebner, Drane, 2004b) These have been shown to be related to life satisfaction in different populations. The relationship between LS and various aspects of sensed health has been investigated in different nations because in different cultures people have different health institutions and services which can affect both their QoL and SWL. Previous researchers found that there is a positive relationship between prejudiced health and LS (Arrindell et al., 1999 Lohr et al., 1988 Rapkin Fischer, 1992 Willits Crider, 1988).The information above supports that to study both SWL and culture have been useful in illuminating how individuals differ in their SWL from different nations and the role of culture. A Number of studies emphasize that culture affects individuals from several basic psychological domains. For example, attribution and reasoning, intergroup relations, interpersonal communication, self-concept, negotiation, and psychological well-being (Brewer Chen, 2007 Fiske et al., 1998 Lehman et al., 2004 Markus Kitayama, 1991 Oyse rman et al., 2002).From the theory and research presented in this review, it can be seen that cultural factors are the integrative parts of the LS. According to this, this study will focus on the assimilation and LS amongst international students to see whether culture plays an important role on the undergraduate students LS from five different cultures. The specific aims of the study are three-fold. Firstly, it determines whether there is a relationship between international students LS and CS amongst five different countries. Secondly, it specifies whether the international students have differences in CS in general factors (i.e. quality of services/ city/life and so on), social relationships, job satisfaction, health, authority and public safety across five different countries. Thirdly, it explores whether there is an LS difference between International Students from five different countries which are China, India, UK, Turkey and Nigeria. In this study, I will focus on more cro ss-cultural phenomenon of the students satisfaction as well as its link with cross-cultural differences in the bases of LS (Schimmack et al., 2002 Suh et al., 1998) and provide tests of an empirically supported explanation for the differences. When people construct judgments about their overall LS, different cultural members place relative emphasis on different aspects of life.Therefore the hypotheses for this study areThere will be correlation between LS and CS amongst International Students from five different countries .There will be a difference in CS between International Students from five different countriesThere will be a difference in LS between International Students from five different countries.METHOD SECTIONParticipantsA total of 100 students from the University of Northampton (UCN) in Northampton participated in the study. The sample for the current study comprised of 100 students, with twenty participants from each of the five nations India, Africa, China, United King dom and Turkey. Participants were selected from these five countries because many students from these countries came across to study in the University of Northampton. All participants were more than 18 years of age. Both males and females between the ages of 18-25 were selected. Each participant was required to complete both Questionnaire Section A of Life Satisfaction and Section B of the Cultural Satisfaction (see accompaniment 2). All student participation was voluntary.Apparatus/MeasurementsThe measures for the study were either taken directly or with modification from existing scales as described below. With the expulsion of the Satisfaction With Life Scale, all the pointednesss reported here were answered on a 5-point Likert Scale.Life Satisfaction Global life satisfaction was measured by the Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, Griffin, 1985) to measure the life satisfaction of the international undergraduate students. The SWLS is a five-item inventory with a 7-point scale. The five items used to measure satisfaction with life are (a) In most ways my life is close to ideal (b) The conditions of my life are excellent (c) I am satisfied with my life (d) So far I have gotten the important things I want in life and (e) If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. Participants respond to each item on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 ( potently disagree) to 7 ( strongly agree), yielding a possible total score ranging from 5 to 35 (see vermiform appendix 2).Satisfaction With Culture Participants cultural life satisfaction was measured by questions both from Quality of Life Satisfaction Survey (2003) (QLS) (cited in Delhey, 2004) and the 2006 General User Satisfaction Survey (GUSS) (Torbay Council, 2006). Researcher also prepared some of the questions. The Satisfaction with Culture survey is a 70-item Likert scale designed to measure international students cultural satisfaction within six cultural life domains general, s ocial relationships, job satisfaction, health perception, authority and public safety were considered important influences on individuals life satisfaction. Participants respond to each item on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) (see appendix 2).General The general questions about the cultural life satisfaction, which consists of twenty-three out of the 70 items, was added to the beginning of the Cultural life satisfaction scale in order to measure general life satisfaction about the cultural factors. The researcher also prepared the questions from 1 to 19. However, questions 20 to 23 from the general section were obtained from QLS. Students were expected to respond to each item based on a five-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Examples of items are It is a good place to live, overall quality of life in the city, water quality, noise etc. However, nine items were measured on an ordinal scale that assessed satisfaction with current state of general services (e.g. health services, public transport, education system etc.). Participants again respond to each item on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (poor) to 5 (very high). high values indicate higher LS.Social Relationships To achieve a high level of joy and happiness in life, people must be socially involved with people. This involves getting along well with others, having friends and companions, and offering help to those who need it. This part evaluates international students social relationships in their home countries by dint of sixteen items. However, five questions about the tensions between different groups were obtained from QLS. Scoring goes from 1 to 5, where 1 corresponds to the answer Very many tensions and 5 to No tension at all. Moreover, eleven questions consisted of general problems about parents, children, teenagers etc. These eleven questions were also prepared by the Researcher. Statements such as parents not fetching function for the behaviour of their children, noisy neighbours or loud parties and people being attacked because of their contend colour, ethnic origin or religion etc. The items were also based on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (a very big problem) to 5 (not a problem at all).Job Satisfaction In this section questions asked students to evaluate their overall Job satisfaction and financial situation. Questions in the Job Satisfaction section were adapted from QLS. A list of seven items was constructed to measure the job satisfaction variable. Items were presented on a 5- point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Items included My work is dull and boring , I am well paid, and My job offers good prospects for career advancement etc.Health Perception The health perception variable was measured on a Likert scale that assessed satisfaction with current state of health services in international students countries. This section consisted of eight items. Questi ons 1 to 4 from the health section were obtained from QLS. However, questions from 5 to 8 were obtained from GUSS. Items were presented on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from very satisfied to very dissatisfied where 1 corresponds to the answer very dissatisfied and 5 to very satisfied, and included statements such as waiting time to see doctor on day of appointment, Quality of Hospitals and Deal with patients etc.Authority The authority section consists of seven items. Question 1 and 7 from the authority section were adapted from GUSS . Also, questions 2 to 6 were prepared by the researcher . The items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale, and included statements such as how satisfied or dissatisfied you are with each of the following services provided or supported by your country City Council such as Sports/ empty facilities and events, libraries, museum, galleries, theatre etc. Scoring goes from 1 to 5, where 1 corresponds to the answer strongly disagree and 5 to strongly agree.P ublic condom Public safety questions about the cultural life satisfaction, which consists of nine items. Questions in the Public Safety section were prepared by the researcher. Questions include how safe do you feel walking in your neighbourhood during the day? and how safe do you feel walking in your neighbourhood after dark? etc. The responses were based on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from very unsafe to very safe, and 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).ProcedureBefore the experiment participants were asked to read the standardised operating instructions (see appendix 3 ) and to give their consent verbally. According to the standardised instructions, participants were richly informed what the study was going to investigate. The standard instructions informed the students of the purpose of the study that participation was voluntary and the responses were going to be treated confidentially. Also, it explained the exposit of what participants would have to do and were allowed to ask any questions. Experimenters informed the participants that the aim of the study was to investigate whether there is a relation between participants general life satisfaction and cultural life satisfaction. By giving their consent to taking part in the study, they were agreeing to be involved in this study and were then asked to sign the consent form (see appendix 4) and read the brief (see appendix 4). After that, participants were asked to fill in the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of two sections section A and section B. Section A was about the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS Diener et al., 1985) to measure life satisfaction. The scale comprises of five-items and the responses were made on a 7-point agree-disagree Likert scale (Diener et al., 1985). On the other hand, section B was about cultural life satisfaction (Questions were obtained from QoL). The Satisfaction with Culture survey is a 70-item Likert scale and was designed to measure internation al students cultural satisfaction. The scale provides scores for six dimensions namely for the participants satisfaction with their nations. The six sections of the cultural satisfaction are general, social relationships, job satisfaction, health perception, authority and public safety considered important on individuals cultural life satisfaction. According to participants responses, negative scores indicate dissatisfaction, whereas positive scores indicate satisfaction of the specific domain for the individuals life satisfaction. In this experiment, participants were not timed. Therefore, all the participants had the same life satisfaction and cultural satisfaction scale. Participants were also aware that they were allowed to withdraw at anytime without giving reason. After the experiment, the experimenter gave the participants a cue aeroplane which consisted of a brief explanation of what the study was about and the experimenters e-mail mastermind (see appendix 5). Also, each L ife satisfaction scale had the participant number recorded on the top of the paper so, if the participants changed their minds and wanted to retract their results from the study, they could telecommunicate the experimenter and give their paper number by 01-01-2010. Also, participants were allowed to ask any questions. There was no deception of the participants in this study. Finally, no personal data was requested. As a result, the participants were anonymous . Questionnaires will be kept confidential and firmly kept in the locked answers cupboard.DesignThis study was performed to determine the relation between culture and life satisfaction. The dependent variable of the study was the life satisfaction and the independent variable was culture. In this experiment, participants were sampled around the university campus and each participant acquire only one questionnaire. All experime

Advantages Of Women Entrepreneurs Business Essay

Advantages Of Women Entrepreneurs Business EssayIn India women entrepreneurs play a very pivotal role. They argon not whole educated, talented, confident, ambitious and travel oriented but they also know their minds. This helps them to juggle the tasks, manage each the chores and strike a fine balance among the professional and private lives. They keep back a good foresight, patience, negotiating and budgeting skills.To twenty-four hours, women nonplus demonstrated their multitasking ability. Women entrepreneurs brook certainly initiate, organize, plan and operate their small and medium venture efficiently. Affirming this notion, Ms. Husain death chair and Managing Director of Shanaz Husain Group of companies elaborate, the women who is creative finds spaciouser plaindom to reiterate her creativity and ideas when she has her own enterprise. For those women without high professional qualifications and those who are from a set out economic sector, entrepreneurship is a me ans of earning money and contributing to the family income. However, the challenge for the large sections of women in India lies in crossing the threshold, oercoming barriers and discovering their own potential and identity. The climate is much conducive today and the term is right.CUsershclDesktopwomen- line of products.jpgADVANTAGES OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSAdvantages of women entrepreneurs are as follows1. aflame IntelligenceWomen are more emotionally intelligent than man and be take ined of good interpersonal skills which are vital for framing strategies and building support.2. Multitask orientation courseWomen come the ability of handling many tasks at the same epoch like talking on the phone, reading their mails, scheduling what else needs to be finished for the rest of the day and giving excellent results. They balance their families and rush simultaneously effectively. Men are known to deliver been more hard with multitasking tending to focus on one or two things, hence wasting opportunities.3. Self-Branding AttitudeWoman entrepreneurs are extremely passionate by nature and enthusiastic about their choices, talking about them and sharing their thoughts. They accent the gain grounds of their services to their potential clients and are aware of how to highlight the positive features.4. forbearanceWomen entrepreneurs are very patience by nature and have great vision. Visionary entrepreneurs giving up on their dreams after only about months as a consequence of becoming impatient with the process only proves that the vision is not enough. The ability to wait and see is a find attribute in order to receive positive outcomes and women have it naturally.5. demandWomen entrepreneurs have a great passion for the work and a commission to society. If they have the drive to pursue entrepreneurship, it means they are not fearful of taking any risks and ordain also make monetary gains. They possess the inner strength to continue and searches all p ossible means to parcel of land their business ideas with new(prenominal)s.The increasing number of women entrepreneurs sess promote economic and br early(a)ly equity which facilitates ego-fulfillment for individuals, and improve the use of valuable human capital. fair(prenominal) traits and talents locoweed be seen as sources of power with great advantages for entrepreneurship. In the in force(p) future women may be closing the venture capital sexual practice gap.DISADVANTAGES OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSFamily ConsiderationsIn the United States, women are more in all likelihood to shoulder a greater share of child-rearing duties. Children may demand their mothers undivided attention, which can be a challenge for young-bearing(prenominal) entrepreneurs to deal with. Building and running a new business requires a great deal of time, which may booking with ones family obligations. Women in this situation must balance their family life with their duties as entrepreneurs. For ex ample, parents can communicate about the need to devote some time during the day solely on business, while other times can be devoted to family matters.ConfidenceAlthough both men and women can face issues of self-doubt, or lack confidence to compete in the business market, men do not suffer from the same degree of prejudgment as do women entrepreneurs. For example, male business leaders may not believe that their female counterparts can compete or innovate to the degree that men can. The stern of these views are stereotypes about women. Having female mentors and confidants can help instill self confidence in your abilities as a female entrepreneur.Financial hindranceThe foremost disadvantage of female entrepreneurship is the capital financing barrier. When boodleing a business, entrepreneurs need to line up capital to get the business glowering of the ground. Female entrepreneurs often get their initial funding from family loans, savings and creed cards. However, women can obt ain capital from government spark offup programs, self-funding and venture capitalists. When women have promising business ideas, it is less difficult for them to obtain startup capital. Therefore, having square(a) business plan helps in reducing the finance barrier for women. leave out of NetworksFemale entrepreneurs are more likely to encounter difficulty because they are less likely to be associated with networks of people who can help them in planting and sustaining businesses. Networks include people who provide mentorship, help and valuable culture to entrepreneurs. Men tend to dominate the highest levels of corporate leadership. Therefore, there are less women available to provide valuable advice to female entrepreneurs. Women also face customer/supplier discrimination, which occurs when customers or suppliers discriminate against women-owned firms. In response, women business leaders can create their own networks to cultivate the success of female entrepreneurs.Female Entrepreneurs Versus anthropoid EntrepreneursDo men have an advantage over women when it comes to starting a business?Historically, research has seemed to show that men have an advantage over women when it comes to starting a business.More recent research indicates that the perceived contrariety between male and female entrepreneurs doesnt actually pull through and gender is not a determining factor in the success or distress of a new business venture.But even though gender itself doesnt put female entrepreneurs at a disadvantage, the statistics point to several other factors that can impact the performance of women-owned business startupsExperience ExpectationsStatistically, men benefit from more business experience and higher expectations prior to opening a business. This may give men a confidence advantage when they launch a business, but according to the numbers women are more likely to report positive revenues. So whats the lesson? If you are a female entrepreneur, you sho uldnt be intimidated by male counterparts even if they seem to enjoy more experience, higher expectations, and greater confidence.Risk ToleranceAccording to the numbers, female owners are more likely to prefer low risk/low fall businesses. Male entrepreneurs, on the other hand, are more likely to start technologically intensive businesses, businesses that lose their competitive advantage more quickly, and businesses that have a less geographically localized customer base. In other words, men tend to embrace more risk than women in a new business venture. Risk is sometimes unavoidable as a business owner. But for the most part, female entrepreneurs should take steps to manage a healthy balance between risk and reward in their companies.Education, Business Size, Hours WorkedAs it turns out many of the differences that have been thought to exist between male and female business owners are more fiction than reality. When all other variables are taken into account, male and female entr epreneurs have the same education levels, start businesses of similar sizes, and work roughly the same amount of hours. Since the notion that female entrepreneurs are less educated with little companies and less time to devote to their business is false, female small business owners should feel relieved of much of the pressure to prove themselves to their peers and more free to enjoy the fruits of their entrepreneurial endeavors.CONCLUSIONWomen are known for their multitasking ability they have lot of responsibilities to fulfill such as household duties, office duties and in case of mothers, it becomes too difficult for them to step out of the house, for specific time and work in their area of interest. Because of this most of women dont get chance to go for jobs although it is their passion.A cleaning lady, having flexible working hours and a choice of job give show miracles in the market. Starting business at home is a great opportunity for any women to start their journey in a corporate world.It is proven that woman who runs her own business is happier than a woman who works for others. Advanced technology has given a chance to start and manage their business from home and to pursue their dream of becoming an entrepreneur. This will help them to make money for themselves while relaxing at home. They can work wherever and whenever they want. Because of this they can maintain a balance between their personal and professional life.

Effect of Surface Area on Reaction Rate

Effect of Surface Area on reply RateSurface Area vs. Reaction RateHow does the come to the fore theatre of pure reprimand net pulleys affect the ramble of dissolution in piddle?Chandler HultineAbstractThe innovation of this science laboratory was to investigate how get on state affects the response order of a substance in a solution. This lab was put together to find out how differentiating muster commonwealths of pure have words pelf multiplys would affect the lay of dissolution in water.The investigation was undertaken by using five different groups of pillage engine blocks, for each one group having a different surface field of battle than the others. The closures were submerged and stirred in a solution of water until they completely fade away, and the while it that it took them each to sever was recorded. The long-acting the era it took for the blocks to dissolve, the slower the reaction rate, and vice versa.The initial hypothesis, if the surfa ce field of honor of the cylinder block outgrowths, past the reaction rate of the dissolution of the cube in water exiting also increase because to a greater extent than of the cube provide be exposed to the water which will altogetherow for more(prenominal) collisions of particles to turn over at a while, was accepted due to a positive correlativity among dissolution convictions and surface orbital cavity of cubes. The more baffled up a cube was, the faster it tended to dissolve in water and vice versa, because the more broken up cubes had more surface area. (Abstract row 212)IntroductionThe over exclusively aim of this lab is to investigate how surface area is related to reaction rate in terms of the dissolution rate of a substance in a solution. This lab will be experimenting with wampumpeag cubes of the same volume, but different surface areas to see how scarce surface area affects the rate of dissolution.How does the surface area of pure cane slit cubes af fect the rate of dissolution in water? If the surface area of the cube increases, then the reaction rate of the dissolution of the cube in water will also increase because more of the cube will be exposed to the water which will exclusivelyow for more collisions of particles to occur at a time.3,6With most things in life, size is a very important factor that people consider in many a(prenominal) choices they make, whether it be deciding between the newest smartph cardinals or burning wood chips versus intact logs in a fire.1 Seeing how size affects something is key when taking an stage/idea and making it more exertionive. The purpose of this experiment is to see how the do of surface area of a substance is related to the reaction rate when said substance is placed into a solution.5 This investigation is to see how the reaction rate of a substance can be either change magnitude or decreased when placed into a solution.InvestigationFor the investigation, a pastiche of roots that related to how surface and dissolution/reaction place are related. The main sources take but are not limited toResearch on the root word done by NASA,An excerpt from Ansels Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and do drugs Delivery Systems,And experiment research from sciencebuddies.org titled Big Pieces or minor Pieces Which React Faster?.These sources have provided a great amount of stress information, especially the article by NASA involving an explanation on the cor sexual relation between surface areas and reaction rates.MaterialsIn order to complete this experiment, the following materials were involve25 Sugar cubes (any brand, just make sure all the same)1 Timer5 Beakers (250mL)1 Pipet1 Thermometer1 lingua1 Paper towel or piece of paper ( deal sugar cubes on)1 Hammer or weighted object (to crush one of the sugar cubes into a mill like state)1 Pencil and paper (to record observations)1 Stirring device of any kind (like a chopstick)ConstantsWater source, brand of beakers, size of beakers, amount of water, stirring device, type of sugar cube, temperature of water, temperature of surroundings, temperature of beakers, cuts in sugar cubes, pipettes, timer, thermometerProcedureDivide the 25 sugar cubes into groups of five so that each group has five sugar cubes.Leave the first base group untouched. This will be the group that has the smallest surface area.Take the south group of five sugar cubes and, using the knife, cut each cube in fractional.Take the third group of sugar cubes and cut each cube into quarters (cut each one in half then cut the halves in half).The fourth group will be cut into eighths.The last group of sugar cubes will be completely realm up into a powder. This will be the group with the greatest surface area.Once all the cubes are cut up and put into groups, call for up each of the 5 beakers with water to the 200mL mark. Use a pipet to make the measurement precise.Wait 30 minutes after plectrum the beakers with water to ensure th ey are all room temperature.Begin with the fierce sugar cube. With the timer and stirring device at hand, place the unmown cube into the water-filled beaker and begin the timer and stirring as soon as the sugar cube is placed in the water.Stir the sugar cube in the water until it completely dissolves/disappears in the water.Stop the timer as soon as the sugar cube completely dissolves.Record the results on a pre-made data table.Repeat steps 6 to 9 for all variants of the sugar cube for one group.Repeat the entire experiment for all 5 groups of sugar cubes, making sure that one group is immaculate before moving onto another group. DO NOT finish dissipation all of the sugar cubes of one specific surface area size and then moving onto another set of the same surface area sized cubes make sure the experiment is carried out group by group. Treat each group with the five different surface area sized sugar cubes as an individual experiment. This way a union of 5 experiments will be ca rried out.Data streamlet 1sizing of Sugar CubeTime (seconds) for dissolution overflowing412 half217 suck123Eighth82Powder51 test 2 size of Sugar CubeTime (seconds) for dissolution honest401Half202 tail assembly150Eighth77Powder58Trial 3Size of Sugar CubeTime (seconds) for dissolutionFull426Half236Quarter120Eighth68Powder47Trial 4Size of Sugar CubeTime (seconds) for dissolutionFull455Half241Quarter117Eighth81Powder55Trial 5Size of Sugar CubeTime (seconds) for dissolutionFull423Half221Quarter136Eighth71Powder52 loaded time for full sugar cube 423.4Mean time for half sugar cube 223.4Mean time for quarter sugar cube 129.2Mean time for eighth sugar cube 75.8Mean time for powder sugar cube 52.6Results and DiscussionThe results of this experiment show that a more broken up sugar cube resulted in a faster dissolution rate of the cube in water, and vice versa when thither were longer rates of dissolution for sugar cubes that were less broken up. Since the purpose of this experiment was to fi nd the relationship between surface area and reaction rate, this experiment was successful.Trial 1 data shows the times nearly macrocosm cut in half as the sugar cube becomes more wiped out(p) up, except for the transition between the powder and sugar cube broken up into eighths.Trial 2 data also shows the time between each tier of sugar cubes being split in half as the surface area increases. However, this is not true for the half-broken up and quarter-broken up sugar cubes. The time in seconds for dissolution rate for those ii sugar cubes only had a difference of 50 seconds, which is not redden most to half. This makes me wonder what happened during that part of the lab, because the data does not follow the accomplished trend like the rest of my experiment results. A possible source of error for this ladder was that I did not collect all of the sugar from the sugar cube after it was cut. When all of the sugar is not completely collected, the data can become skewed because n ot all of the sugar cube is actually being dissolved in the solution.Trials 3, 4, and 5 all show around the similar results. The times are very close to each other for each size sugar cube that was dissolved. Trials 3, 4, and 5 are also relatively close to the data shown in trial 1. This shows that there was a little less precision that went into trial 2.What does all of this data mean? Well for starters, the data and experiment are applicable for any other experiment out there that tries to determine the relation between surface area and reaction rate. The reason for this is because whenever different rates of reaction are being tested for, a change in the surface area of a reactant/variable will have an effect on the rate of reaction, because the alteration of surface area means that the frequence of particle collisions is altered as well.1,3,7 For example, if the surface area (of an object that is close to be placed in a solution) is doubled, that means there will be twice as much area for particles to potentially move with on the object as compared to the original object that has the original surface area.3 This is true for all aspects of reaction rate surface area plays a substantial role whenever reaction rate is tested for.1,3Conclusioninitial Hypothesis If the surface area of the cube increases, then the reaction rate of the dissolution of the cube in water will also increase because more of the cube will be exposed to the water which will allow for more reaction between water and sugar cube to occur at one time.3,6There was a strong, positive coefficient of correlation between the data that was collected and the initial hypothesis. From looking at the data, it is evident that the cubes that were more broken up that had more surface area dissolved much faster than a cube that was less broken up and did not have as much surface area. The data shows that more surface area does mean faster reaction rate, and vice versa.3 The powder/completely crushe d up sugar cube had the quickest time for dissolution in water which was on average 52.6 seconds, whereas the full sugar cube that was untouched and had the smallest amount of surface area had the slowest time for dissolution which was on average 423.4 seconds. Therefore, the hypothesis is accepted with the support of the data. The bigger cubes that were not cut up took the longest to completely dissolve, whereas the finely crushed up cubes dissolved quickest.5The accuracy of this experiment could be slightly amend in the future by adapting a more consistent and genuine method of stirring the sugar cubes around when they are placed in water. This would improve the accuracy of the time that each cube takes to completely dissolve in the solution of water.BibliographyReaction range. Publication. NASA, n.d. Web. 1Allen, Loyd V., Nicholas G. Popovich, Howard C. Ansel, and Howard C. Ansel.Ansels Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and drug Delivery Systems. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams W ilkins, 2005. Print. 2Clark, Jim. The Effect of Surface Area on Rates of Reaction.The Effect of Surface Area on Rates of Reaction. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 May 2013. 3Bayer HealthCare, 2005. Temperature and Rate of Reaction, Bayer HealthCare, LLC accessed May 8, 2007http//www.alka-seltzer.com/as/experiment/student_experiment1.htm. 4Olson, Andrew. Big Pieces or Small Pieces Which React Faster?Big Pieces or Small Pieces Which React Faster?Science Buddies, n.d. Web. 06 May 2013. 5Kenneth Connors, chemical substance Kinetics, 1990, VCH Publishers, pg. 14 6Isaacs, N.S., Physical Organic Chemistry, 2nd edition, Section 2.8.3, Adison Wesley Longman, Harlow UK, 1995. 7(Bibliography Words 126)